How ports are managed has implications for economic growth, crisis response, environmental protection and gender equality. Photo from
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Ports are a key link in the global production and supply chains and their efficiency directly impacts the economies of the countries they serve
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Russia’s blockade of Ukrainian ports has left grain for export stuck in silos or on ships while 44 million people around the world face starvation
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Maritime traffic, handling of goods, road and rail transport are taking a toll on the environment through air and water pollution
If you’ve never lived near a port or worked in one, you may be unaware of the vital role they play in our lives. Most of the products we consume daily travel through ports, making them a key link in the global production and supply chains we rely on.
“Our livelihoods – food, jobs, energy – depend on functioning and resilient supply chains,” UNCTAD Secretary-General Rebeca Grynspan said.
How ports are managed has implications for economic growth, crisis response efforts, environmental protection and gender equality, placing them at the heart of sustainable development.
Powering trade and economic growth
The efficiency of a portdirectly affects the economies of the countries it serves, since more than 80% of global trade is carried by sea. The percentage is even higher for many developing countries.
The COVID-19 pandemic is a stark reminder that when ports slow down, everyone suffers. Lockdown measures caused disruptions and delays in many ports around the globe.The median time containerships spent in ports worldwide, for example, increased by 20% between 2019 and 2021.
During the pandemic,freight rates reached record highsandhave again soared in the wake of the war in Ukraine due to logistics disruptions and port congestion. UNCTAD analysishas shown how surges in freight rates can raise the prices of goods, especially in least developed countries and small island developing states.
Supporting crisis response
When disaster strikes, ports are the main point of entry for the food, water and medicine people need to survive and the fuel required to keep hospitals and health facilities running.
For example, Yemen, which is experiencing one of the largest humanitarian crises, imports through its ports about 90% of its food.
Thewar in Ukrainehas also been a tragic reminder of the key role ports play in fighting crises like global hunger. The country was the world’s sixth largest exporter of wheat in the 2020-2021 season.
In the eight months before the conflict, more than 50 million tonnes of grain were shipped through the country’s Black Sea ports – enough to feed about 400 million people.
Now, with ports on the Black Sea blocked, the grain is stuck in silos on land or on ships, unable to movewhile 44 million people around the world face starvation.
Tackling environmental impact is critical
While ports are vital for economic development and crisis response, the associated maritime traffic, handling of goods, and road and rail transport take a toll on the environment through air and water pollution caused by fuel-powered cargo handling equipment, ships, trucks, trains and the power plants needed to run port operations.
Emissions include greenhouse gases that cause respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and chronic lung and heart diseases. Reducing port emissions would cut air and water pollution, improve the health of over 3.5 billion people and help curb climate change.
Need to empower women
Ports are an important source of local employment, but they have historically created more jobs for men than women.
Data from more than 50 portsworking with UNCTAD’sTrainForTrade port management programshow women held just 18% of official port jobs in 2021. The ports are spread out across Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America.
The highest regional average was 22%, reported by European ports that took part in the study. A closer look showed an average of 42% for management and administrative roles in ports. But in cargo handling and operations, just 6% of workers were women.
The figures highlight the need to empower women port workers and to continue working towards gender equality in the sector.
How UNCTAD supports ports
To address existing challenges, UNCTAD provides research, analysis and technical assistance to help ports and the maritime transport sector improve operations, empower women and become more sustainable and resilient to crises, including climate change.
In terms of capacity-building, UNCTAD’s TrainForTrade port management program has certified over 6,700 port managers in 140 countries on various topics. Member ports can track their performance on a range of indicators through UNCTAD’s port performance scorecard.
TrainForTrade’s Port Management Week, held this year from 10 to 13 May in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, gatheredover 100 senior managers from around the globe to explore how the program can help ports contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
